Green and Sustainable Analytical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Innovations in Eco-Friendly Drug Analysis
The growing emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices has significantly transformed pharmaceutical research and quality control, leading to the development of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). Traditional analytical methods employed in pharmaceutical laboratories often rely heavily on toxic organic solvents, energy-intensive instrumentation, and extensive sample preparation procedures, resulting in substantial chemical waste and environmental burden. Green analytical techniques aim to address these concerns by minimizing hazardous reagent consumption, reducing waste generation, lowering energy requirements, and improving operator safety while maintaining analytical accuracy and reliability. Recent innovations, including ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, microextraction methods, microfluidic devices, and ambient spectroscopic techniques, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional analytical platforms. The integration of artificial intelligence, automation, and digital analytical workflows further enhances sustainability by optimizing experimental conditions and reducing unnecessary resource utilization. In addition, several green assessment tools, such as the Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), AGREE metric, and ComplexGAPI, have been developed to quantitatively evaluate the environmental performance of analytical procedures. These advancements support the pharmaceutical industry's transition toward environmentally responsible manufacturing and quality assurance practices. Despite challenges related to regulatory acceptance, method validation, and implementation costs, green analytical chemistry continues to evolve rapidly, driven by global sustainability initiatives and stricter environmental regulations. This review discusses the fundamental principles, recent technological developments, pharmaceutical applications, current limitations, and future prospects of green and sustainable analytical techniques, highlighting their growing importance in eco-friendly drug analysis and sustainable healthcare systems.
Carbon Quantum Dot – Based Drug Delivery Systems for Topical Antifungal Therapy: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Fungal infections affecting the skin represent a major global health concern, particularly in tropical and humid regions where environmental conditions favour fungal growth. Common pathogens such as Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Aspergillus fumigatus are responsible for superficial and cutaneous infections, many of which are recurrent and difficult to treat. Conventional antifungal therapies, although widely available, suffer from limitations including poor skin penetration, low retention time, systemic side effects, and increasing resistance due to biofilm formation. Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as promising nanocarriers for topical drug delivery. CQDs are ultra-small carbon-based nanoparticles (<10 nm) characterized by high surface functionality, excellent biocompatibility, photoluminescence, and intrinsic antimicrobial properties. Their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt fungal cell membranes further enhances their therapeutic potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CQD-based drug delivery systems for topical antifungal therapy, focusing on their synthesis, physicochemical properties, mechanisms of antifungal action, drug loading strategies, and incorporation into nanocarrier systems such as hydrogels and liposomes. Additionally, challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and regulatory approval are discussed. Overall, CQDs represent a promising platform for next-generation antifungal therapies, although further clinical studies are required for translation into practice.
Formulation and Evaluation of Amlodipine Besylate Oral Dissolving Films for Improved Patient Compliance: A Quality by Design Approach Using Box-Behnken Design
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pharmaceutical Formulation Development: Predictive Modeling, Optimization, and Future Perspectives
Background: The pharmaceutical development process is inherently complex, resource-intensive, and time-consuming, with formulation scientists navigating a multidimensional experimental space of drug properties, excipient choices, manufacturing process parameters, and quality attributes whose interrelationships are often non-linear and poorly understood from first principles alone. Artificial intelligence and machine learning offer a transformative shift in how this experimental space is explored, replacing exhaustive trial-and-error experimentation with data-driven predictive models that can identify optimal formulation compositions, predict quality attributes from compositional inputs, and guide experimental design toward the most informative experiments from a sparse dataset. Objective: This review critically examines the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning methodologies — including artificial neural networks, random forest, support vector machines, Gaussian process regression, deep learning, and generative models — to pharmaceutical formulation development, covering solubility prediction, dissolution modeling, stability forecasting, nanoparticle optimization, and integration with Quality by Design frameworks, based on literature published up to 2023. Results and Discussion: Machine learning models trained on physicochemical descriptors have achieved prediction accuracy for aqueous solubility, intestinal permeability, and oral bioavailability comparable to or exceeding mechanistic models, with random forest and deep neural network architectures consistently outperforming linear regression and multiple regression approaches on diverse pharmaceutical datasets. Bayesian optimization has emerged as the most efficient strategy for formulation parameter optimization with minimal experimental trials. Natural language processing applied to pharmaceutical literature enables automated extraction of formulation knowledge at a scale inaccessible to manual review. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are rapidly transitioning from exploratory pharmaceutical research tools to integral components of industrial formulation development pipelines, with demonstrated capabilities in predictive modeling, process optimization, and quality by design implementation that reduce development timelines and experimental burden. The interpretability of models, data quality requirements, and regulatory acceptance of AI-assisted development decisions are the primary barriers requiring systematic resolution.
Exosome-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Biological Properties, Engineering Strategies, and Therapeutic Applications in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases
Background: Exosomes are membrane-enclosed nanosized vesicles of endosomal origin, ranging from 30 to 150 nanometers in diameter, that are constitutively secreted by virtually all cell types and serve as intercellular communication vehicles through the transfer of proteins, lipids, messenger RNA, microRNA, and non-coding RNA between donor and recipient cells. Their natural origin, intrinsic biocompatibility, capacity to traverse biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier, low immunogenicity, and ability to carry diverse molecular cargo make exosomes highly attractive as drug delivery vehicles. Unlike synthetic nanoparticles, exosomes carry a biological membrane studded with surface proteins that mediate cell-type-specific recognition, uptake, and biological activity in recipient cells, providing a degree of inherent tissue targeting that must be engineered into synthetic systems from scratch. Objective: This review critically examines the biogenesis, composition, isolation methods, drug loading strategies, surface engineering approaches, characterization techniques, mechanisms of cellular uptake and cargo delivery, and therapeutic applications of exosomes in cancer therapy, inflammatory disease, and neurological conditions, with emphasis on research published up to 2022. Results and Discussion: Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, tumor cells, and plant sources have been investigated as natural drug delivery vehicles. Drug loading by electroporation, sonication, co-incubation, and membrane fusion enables encapsulation of small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins. Surface engineering with targeting ligands, cell-penetrating peptides, and antibody fragments enhances organ and cell-type specificity. Exosome-based delivery of doxorubicin, siRNA, miRNA, and therapeutic proteins has demonstrated superior tumor accumulation, blood-brain barrier penetration, and therapeutic efficacy compared to equivalent free drug or synthetic nanoparticle formulations in preclinical cancer and CNS disease models. Conclusion: Exosomes represent a biologically sophisticated drug delivery platform whose natural origin confers inherent advantages in biocompatibility, immune evasion, and barrier penetration that are difficult to replicate with synthetic systems. Significant manufacturing, standardization, and regulatory challenges must be addressed before exosome-based drug delivery products can realize their considerable clinical potential.
Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: pH, Temperature, Redox, and Enzyme-Triggered Platforms for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Background: Conventional chemotherapy is fundamentally constrained by its inability to distinguish between malignant and healthy cells, resulting in dose-limiting systemic toxicity that prevents administration of the drug concentrations required for complete tumor eradication. Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems represent a sophisticated pharmacological engineering approach in which the drug release trigger is embedded within the pathophysiological environment of the disease site itself — exploiting the aberrant pH, elevated temperature, altered redox status, and dysregulated enzymatic activity that characterize the tumor microenvironment — to achieve spatially and temporally controlled drug release at the intended therapeutic site with minimal off-target exposure. Objective: This review critically examines the scientific basis, design principles, nanocarrier platforms, characterization methods, mechanisms of stimuli-triggered drug release, and therapeutic applications of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, with particular focus on cancer therapy applications and recent research advances up to 2022. Results and Discussion: Four principal endogenous stimuli — pH, temperature, redox potential, and enzyme activity — have been extensively exploited in nanocarrier design, individually and in dual or multi-stimuli combinations. pH-responsive systems exploit the acidic tumor microenvironment (pH 6.5 to 6.8 extracellular, pH 4.5 to 5.5 endosomal) to trigger drug release selectively in cancer tissues. Redox-responsive systems leverage the 100- to 1000-fold higher intracellular glutathione concentration in cancer cells compared to plasma to achieve cytoplasm-specific drug release. Enzyme-responsive systems utilize matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and other tumor-overexpressed proteases as activation triggers. Dual and multi-stimuli responsive systems provide enhanced selectivity by requiring the simultaneous presence of two or more disease-specific conditions to initiate drug release. Conclusion: Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems offer a conceptually compelling approach to improving the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs by aligning the drug release event with the pathophysiological characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. Translation from preclinical promise to clinical products requires resolution of manufacturing scalability challenges, in vivo trigger fidelity validation, and demonstrated superiority over conventional formulations in randomized clinical trials.
Recent Advancements in Legal Aspects of Pharmaceuticals: A Comprehensive Review (2018–2024)
Background: The pharmaceutical sector operates within a dynamic and complex legal framework that governs drug development, approval, manufacturing, intellectual property, pharmacovigilance, and market authorization. Rapid advancements in biotechnology, digital health, and personalized medicine have necessitated significant legislative reforms globally. Objectives: This review comprehensively examines recent (2018–2024) advancements in pharmaceutical law across drug regulatory affairs, intellectual property rights, product liability, pharmacovigilance, digital health regulation, compulsory licensing, and emerging global harmonization efforts. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, LexisNexis, and regulatory agency databases. Peer-reviewed literature, legislative texts, and official regulatory guidance documents published between 2018 and 2024 were included. Results: Key advancements identified include the US FDCA amendments (2022), EU Regulation 2022/123, ICH E6 (R3) revisions, FDA's Digital Health Center of Excellence guidelines, TRIPS Agreement flexibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, expansion of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) framework, and enhanced post-market surveillance mandates. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical law is evolving rapidly in response to technological innovation, global health emergencies, and equitable access imperatives. Stakeholders must proactively engage with emerging legal developments to ensure compliance and foster innovation.
Amlodipine-Loaded Functional Gummies: A Palatable Alternative for Pediatric and Geriatric Hypertension Management
The present research aimed to design, produce, and assess Amlodipine-loaded medicated gummies as a patient-friendly dosage form to improve compliance, especially in pediatric and geriatric patients with hypertension. Amlodipine was integrated into gelatin- and pectin-based gummy matrices utilizing sucrose, corn syrup, citric acid, glycerol, and flavoring ingredients to formulate six optimal batches. The formulated gummies were assessed for physical appearance, weight uniformity, pH, moisture content, water activity, texture hardness, drug content uniformity, spreadability, syneresis, and in vitro drug release. FTIR analyses demonstrated the absence of notable drug-excipient interactions. All formulations had a smooth appearance, satisfactory flavor and texture, and uniform medication distribution. The formulations exhibited an appropriate pH range, moisture content within acceptable levels, and water activity below thresholds that pose microbiological risks. The hardness ratings demonstrated sufficient chewability. The in-vitro release research demonstrated quick disintegration, with over 85% drug release occurring within 30 minutes, so validating its appropriateness for immediate-release delivery. The modified formulation exhibited enhanced mechanical qualities, ideal organoleptic traits, and the most favorable release kinetics across all batches. Amlodipine gummies were effectively created and characterized, indicating their promise as a convenient, pleasant, and efficacious oral dose form to enhance therapeutic compliance.
Design and Characterization of Valsartan Gastro retentive Floating Raft Gel Using Natural–Synthetic Polymer Combinations for Enhanced Bioavailability
This research aimed to develop and assess gastro retentive floating raft gels containing valsartan by utilizing a blend of natural and synthetic polymers to improve stomach retention time and oral bioavailability. Six formulations (VR1–VR6) were created using sodium alginate, gellan gum, HPMC K15M, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate to facilitate in-situ gelation, buoyancy, and prolonged drug release. FTIR analysis verified the lack of drug–polymer incompatibility. All formulations demonstrated satisfactory clarity, consistent appearance, and compatibility with gastric pH. Elevated polymer concentration led to enhanced viscosity, gel strength, and regulated medication release. The raft gels exhibited swift floating (lag time 28–42 seconds) and maintained buoyancy for more than 12 hours. The drug content varied between 97.54% and 99.12%. In vitro release demonstrated sustained delivery for up to 8 hours, with VR3 exhibiting best efficacy. The release kinetics adhered to first-order and Higuchi models, exhibiting non-Fickian diffusion. Accelerated stability experiments of VR3 validated the formulation's stability. The optimised raft gel presents a promising gastro retentive method for enhancing valsartan therapy.
Development of Novel Lornoxicam-Loaded Mucoadhesive Buccal Films Using Natural Biopolymers for Sustained Anti-Inflammatory Activity
This study aimed to formulate and enhance Lornoxicam-loaded mucoadhesive buccal films utilising natural biopolymers to ensure prolonged anti-inflammatory efficacy and increased patient adherence. Lornoxicam, a powerful NSAID characterised by low oral bioavailability and gastrointestinal adverse effects, was developed into buccal films to circumvent first-pass metabolism and extend therapeutic efficacy. Six formulations (F1–F6) were developed by the solvent casting method with pullulan, Lycoat® RS 720, and gellan gum, with glycerol serving as a plasticiser and xylitol as a sweetener. Films were assessed for physicochemical characteristics, mucoadhesive strength, residence duration, and in vitro drug release. FTIR analyses validated the compatibility between the medication and excipient. Among all batches, F6 demonstrated superior mechanical strength, robust mucoadhesion, extended residence time, and sustained drug release. The release kinetics conformed to first-order and Korsmeyer–Peppas models, suggesting anomalous diffusion. Accelerated stability experiments indicated favourable physical and chemical stability. The optimised buccal film offers a promising alternative to traditional oral Lornoxicam treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders.
Nano-Elastic Vesicles in Oncology: Bridging Formulation Design and Translational Outcomes
Nano-elastic vesicles (NEVs), including transferosomes, ethosomes, and elastic liposomes, have emerged as promising drug delivery systems to overcome the biopharmaceutical limitations of conventional anticancer therapies. Their unique deformability, nanoscale size, and ability to traverse biological barriers enable improved drug solubility, stability, bioavailability, and site-specific delivery. This review critically examines recent advances in the formulation design, physicochemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo performance, and translational prospects of nano-elastic vesicles in oncology. Emphasis is placed on formulation strategies, mechanisms governing enhanced permeation and retention, pharmacokinetic modulation, therapeutic efficacy, safety considerations, and regulatory challenges. The review aims to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale development and clinical translation, highlighting opportunities and future directions for NEV-based anticancer drug delivery.
Hydrogel-Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems: Injectable and Implantable Platforms
Hydrogel-based smart drug delivery systems have emerged as one of the most transformative platforms in modern pharmaceutics, offering unique advantages in terms of biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties, and the ability to respond to environmental or physiological stimuli. Injectable and implantable hydrogels have particularly gained attention for their capacity to provide localized, controlled, and sustained release of therapeutic agents, reducing systemic toxicity and improving patient compliance. Hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix, providing a hydrated three-dimensional environment suitable for drug encapsulation, protection, and on-demand release. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that react to pH, temperature, redox state, enzymes, and external triggers such as light, ultrasound, or magnetic fields further expand their applications in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, diabetes management, and infectious disease control. Injectable hydrogels enable minimally invasive administration, in situ gelation, and conformability to irregular tissue defects, while implantable hydrogels offer durable depots for long-term delivery, particularly for hormones, analgesics, anticancer agents, and vaccines. Recent advances in hybrid hydrogels incorporating nanomaterials, bioactive molecules, and 3D printing have broadened their therapeutic potential. However, challenges related to long-term biostability, sterilization, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory approval remain. This review critically examines the design principles, stimuli-responsiveness, therapeutic applications, and translational challenges of injectable and implantable hydrogel-based smart drug delivery systems, highlighting current clinical progress and future perspectives.
Formulation and Evaluation of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin Immediate Release Tablet
This study focuses on the development and assessment of immediate-release tablets with Empagliflozin and Lingagliptin for effective type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Using the wet granulation technique, tablets were made with Excipients like mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, Crospovidone, and Crospovidone. The compatibility of drugs and Excipients was confirmed through FTIR analysis. The parameters for pre-compression and post-compression fell within acceptable limits, guaranteeing good flow properties and mechanical strength. Batch F6 demonstrated optimal results among all formulations, exhibiting acceptable hardness, friability of less than 1%, and uniform weight and drug content. Rapid drug release was demonstrated in in-vitro dissolution studies, with 98.96% of Empagliflozin and 99.32% of Linagliptin achieved within 30 minutes, adhering to first-order kinetics. Stability studies, carried out according to ICH guidelines, showed no significant changes in physical or chemical properties. The optimized formulation was shown to be stable and effective, making it appropriate for producing an immediate therapeutic response in diabetes management.
Impact of Screen Time on Eye Physiology and Health: A Comprehensive Review
The rapid proliferation of digital devices in daily life has led to unprecedented levels of screen exposure, raising concerns about its impact on ocular physiology and overall eye health. Prolonged screen use has been associated with a spectrum of visual and physiological complications, including digital eye strain, dry eye disease, accommodative fatigue, myopia progression, retinal oxidative stress, and circadian rhythm disruption. These effects are mediated through multiple pathways, including reduced blink rate, tear film instability, sustained near-focus, and high-energy visible light exposure, affecting both anterior and posterior ocular structures as well as neuroendocrine function. Certain populations, such as children, adolescents, office workers, and the elderly, are particularly susceptible due to developmental, occupational, or age-related vulnerabilities. Preventive strategies including visual hygiene practices, ergonomic adjustments, blue-light mitigation, nutritional support, and lifestyle modifications play a critical role in mitigating these effects. Emerging technological innovations, such as smart glasses, adaptive displays, eye-tracking systems, AI-based monitoring, ocular exercise devices, and light therapy, offer additional avenues for personalized intervention and real-time ocular health management. This review integrates physiological, clinical, and technological evidence, highlighting the mechanisms, manifestations, at-risk populations, and preventive approaches, providing a comprehensive framework for maintaining visual health in the digital era. Future research should focus on longitudinal assessment, validation of emerging technologies, and development of personalized strategies to minimize ocular strain while supporting modern digital lifestyles.
Naegleria fowleri and Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: From Environmental Reservoirs to Fatal CNS Infections
Naegleriafowleri, a thermophilic, free-living amoeba, is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rapidly progressing and often fatal infection of the central nervous system. During exposure to contaminated warm freshwater, the parasite enters the human host via the nasal cavity, migrates along the olfactory nerves, and induces severe inflammation in the brain. Despite its high fatality rate (> 95 %) , effective treatment remains elusive due to delayed diagnosis and limited therapeutic efficacy. Current diagnostic approaches include microscopy, PCR, and imaging techniques, but these are seldom applied promptly to alter outcomes. Therapeutic regimens typically involve amphotericin B, miltefosine , and combination antimicrobials, although survival is rare. Recent advances in drug repurposing, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and immunotherapeutic strategies show potential but require further validation and assessment of effectiveness. Preventive measures, including public awareness initiatives and improved water treatment, are currently the most effective means of reducing the risk of PAM. This review provides an updated synthesis of the literature focusing on the causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnostic modalities, treatment options, and prevention strategies for N. fowleri infection. Background: Naegleriafowleri is a free-living, thermophilic amoeba that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but fatal CNS infection. It inhabits warm freshwater environments such as lakes and hot springs. Infection occurs when contaminated water enters the nasal cavity, allowing the amoeba to reach the brain via the olfactory nerves. With a mortality rate above 95%, early diagnosis and improved preventive strategies are critical to reduce its devastating impact.
Improving Flow and Compression of Natural Polymers for Diclofenac SR Tablets via Co-processing with Microcrystalline Cellulose
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate sustained-release (SR) tablets of Diclofenac Sodium using co-processed excipients via the direct compression technique. To overcome the poor flow properties of natural polymers, three different co-processed excipients were prepared: Guar Gum with Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC), Sodium Alginate with MCC, and Xanthan Gum with MCC, each in three distinct ratios. Nine formulations (GM1-GM3, SM1-SM3, XM1-XM3) were compressed into 200 mg tablets and evaluated for pre-and post-compression parameters. All formulations exhibited excellent flow properties and produced tablets with acceptable hardness (5.5-6.5 kg/cm²), low friability (<0.31%), and uniform weight. The in-vitro drug release study over 12 hours revealed that the drug release rate was retarded with an increase in polymer concentration and followed the order: Guar Gum > Sodium Alginate > Xanthan Gum. Kinetic modeling indicated that the drug release best fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, with the release mechanism being anomalous transport, a combination of diffusion and polymer erosion. Among all, formulation XM3, containing Xanthan Gum and MCC in a 2:1 ratio, was identified as the optimized formulation. It demonstrated superior tablet hardness (6.5 kg/cm²), the lowest friability (0.22%), and provided a near-ideal zero-order drug release profile (R²=0.985), achieving 98% drug release in a controlled manner over 12 hours. It was concluded that co-processing Xanthan Gum with MCC produces a robust excipient suitable for directly compressing a highly effective Diclofenac Sodium SR tablet.
The Effect of Centella Asiatica for Wound Healing
Centella asiatica is a perennial creeper with a faint aroma and is a valuable medicinal herb in both the Old and New Worlds. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including India, China, Nepal, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Centella's popularity in food and beverages stem from its functional properties. The plant's bioactive constituents have been linked to potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and neuroprotective activities, as reported in numerous studies. The plant's chemistry and pharmacology have been extensively studied for its efficacy in herbal preparations and chemical isolates, both ancient and modern. An intense effort has been made to develop new therapeutic approaches as well as technologies for more efficient and rapid wound healing. Research into plants that have long been used in traditional medicine to treat wounds has become a promising strategy for obtaining drugs that are therapeutically useful in acute and chronic wound management. Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) extracts and their active constituent, asiaticoside, have been shown to promote wound healing in both in vivo and in vitro models. We aim to create a formulation that promotes faster wound healing. This review provides a current and comprehensive analysis of the chemistry and health benefits of the Centella plant.
Standardization Parameter of Luffa Acutangula
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., commonly known as ridge gourd or angled luffa, is a widely cultivated vegetable in Asia, valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its extensive traditional use, scientific standardization of its plant parts is essential to ensure quality, efficacy, and safety in herbal formulations. This study aims to evaluate the standardization parameters of Luffa acutangula fruit and leaves in accordance with pharmacognostical and phytochemical guidelines. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were documented to aid in the identification and authentication of plant materials. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash values, extractive values, and PH were determined to assess purity and stability. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of key bioactive constituents including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and glycosides. The results serve as a baseline for the quality control of Luffa acutangula and support its future use in standard herbal drug development. Standardization of plant materials not only safeguards consumer health but also promotes the rational use of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine.
Traditional Uses and Pharmacology of Luffa Acutangula
The climbing plant Luffa acutangula, also referred to as angled luffa or ridge gourd, is used extensively in traditional medicine throughout Asia and Africa. This plant, which is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, has long been prized for its medicinal and nutritional qualities. The fruits, seeds, leaves, and roots of Luffa acutangula have all been used traditionally to cure conditions like diabetes, jaundice, skin conditions, inflammation, and respiratory issues. Many of these ethnomedicinal claims are supported by recent pharmacological research, which has shown the plant's antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory qualities. Key bioactive components that contribute to its many therapeutic benefits have been found by phytochemical investigations, including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. This review emphasises the importance of Luffa acutangula by highlighting its traditional applications, phytochemistry, and pharmaceutical potential. as a potential supply of organic medicinal substances.
Formulation and Evaluation Topotecan Encapsulated Gum Ghatti Nanoparticles
Gum Ghatti (GG) nanoparticles containing Topotecan were the subject of this investigation to develop, optimize, and characterise them for use in cancer treatment. A solvent evaporation method involving aqueous and organic phases was used to make the nanoparticles. By adjusting various formulation and process parameters, the formulation was improved. Acetonitrile and phosphate buffer saline were used to develop the analytical method. To improve the nanoparticulate formulation, a variety of organic solvents and surfactants were evaluated. A Malvern zeta sizer was used to measure the size range and zeta potential. There were two distinct methods used for lyophilization, with a maximum drug entrapment rate of 35.2%. The dialysis method in phosphate buffer saline at a pH of 7.4 was used to evaluate the in vitro drug release of Topotecan nanoparticles. Over the course of 24 hours, the in vitro drug release demonstrated sustained drug release. As a result, GG nanoparticles loaded with Topotecan have the potential to serve as a drug delivery system. Due to their small size, they may also be able to reach extravascular target sites through the leaky endothelium of cancerous and inflamed regions, making them useful for site-specific drug delivery
A novel stability indicating method development and validation of tafamidis by RP-HPLC technique
This study presents a novel stability-indicating method for the quantification and validation of Tafamidis using Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Tafamidis, primarily used to treat cardiomyopathy, demands stringent quality control due to its complex structure and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Our approach employs an optimized chromatographic process utilizing a YMC Triart C18 column with isocratic elution, and an initial mobile phase composed of 20mM Ammonium Acetate and Acetonitrile in a 60:40 ratio. The method showcases robust performance with a retention time of 3.3 minutes and detection at 206 nm. Validation of the method adhered to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, confirming the system's suitability through rigorous testing of parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The method demonstrated excellent linearity within the 5-25 µg/ml range with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.998. Precision tests, both inter-day and intra-day, indicated consistent results with low relative standard deviation (RSD), underscoring the method’s reliability. Forced degradation studies further validated the method's efficacy in providing stability data for Tafamidis under varied conditions, revealing significant resilience to oxidative, acidic, alkaline, and thermal stresses. This validated method is both effective and efficient for routine quality control and stability testing of Tafamidis in pharmaceutical formulations, ensuring compliance with pharmacopeial standards and therapeutic efficacy.
Optimization Of Repaglinide Chronomodulated Delivery System Using Box-Behnken Experimental Design
Diabetes mellitus is a disease which shows circadian rhythm in the pattern of peak in the early morning between 4 and 8 a.m. The behaviour, physiology, and biochemistry of organisms changes rhythmically over 24 h. We have prepared chronomodulated release tablet to control plasma sugar level at early morning. Tablet of REP was prepared using CCS and lactose and coated with Eudragit to produce pulsatile release of the drug. Tablet was optimized using Box-Behnken design model. The ideal formulation variables for a formulation were found that 16.14 mg of CCS, 28.91 mg of Lactose, and 4.37 mg of Eudragit and response of tablet was 94.45 % Drug released and 5.99 hrs of lag time (T) with the desirability of around 1. In vitro release data revealed no release was observed in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and complete release of drug at pH 6.8 conditions.
Formulation And Evaluation Of Ondansetron Hcl Transdermal Patch
The skin can be used as the site for drug administration for continuous transdermal drug infusion into the systemic circulation. For the continuous diffusion/penetration of the drugs through the intact skin surface membrane-moderated systems, matrix dispersion type systems, adhesive diffusion controlled systems and micro reservoir systems have been developed. Various penetration enhancers are used for the drug diffusion through skin. In matrix dispersion type systems, the drug is dispersed in the solvent along with the polymers and solvent allowed to evaporate forming a homogeneous drug-polymer matrix. Matrix type systems were developed in the present study. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop a matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system comprising of Ondansetron-HCl with different concentration of various polymers alone and combinations using solvent evaporation technique. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained showed no physical-chemical incompatibility between the drug and the polymers. F8 formulation has been selected as the best formulation among all the other formulations. The in-vitro drug diffusion studies from the formulation were found to be sustained release. All the evaluation parameters obtained from the best formulation were found to be satisfactory. The data obtained from the in-vitro release studies were fitted to various kinetic models like zero order, first order, Higuchi model and peppas model. From the kinetic data it was found that drug release follows peppas order release by diffusion technique from the polymer.
Formulation And In Vitro Characterisation Of Milnacipran Hydrochloride Orodispersible Tablets
Present study is aimed at the development of oral dispersible tablets of Milnacipran Hydrochloride using natural superdisintegrants. Indion 414, Polyplasdone XL 10, Primogel for the preparation of oraldispersible tablets by direct compression method. The blends were evaluated for the pre-compression parameters and all the formulations were found to possess good flow properties. Tablets were compressed by direct compression technique, evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, water absorption, disintegration time, dispersion time drug content and dissolution studies. The drug release profiles of the three superdisintegrants were compared. The optimized formulation F2 was showed good results disintegrated in 3.15 min with 98.89 % drug release.
Preparation And In Vitro Characterisation Of Indomethacin Sustained Release Tablets
The aim of the present study was to develop sustained release formulation of Indomethacin to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 24hrs. By using different ratios of synthetic polymers like Methyl cellulose, HPMC K4 M, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F8) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e., 99.27% in 24 hours. It contains the Hydroxyethyl cellulose 1:1 ratio as sustained release material. It followed Kors mayer peppas release kinetics mechanism.
ZINPER Soft Gel caps: A Natural Nutrient to Promote Healthy GI peristalsis in cancer patients.
Chemotherapy –induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), also known by the term emesis, is one of the most common and dreaded side effects following cancer treatment, and can strongly impact the quality of day –to-day living of cancer patients. Many Chemotherapeutic agents are associated with significant nausea and vomiting which represent a challenge to effective therapy. The active ingredients present in Zinper softgels are terpenes and oleoresin. The major identified components from terpenes are gingerol and shogaols. Zinper softgels has staring potential as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-emetic effect, Anti-angiogenesis, anti-nausea and an effective adjuvant treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The effectiveness of Zinper softgels in preventing or suppressing cancer growth has been examined in a variety of cancer types, including lymphoma, hepatoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, and bladder cancer. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of Zinper softgels as A Natural Nutrient to Promote Healthy GI peristalsis in cancer patients.
Emerging Trends in Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) for Pharmaceutical Analysis
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for pharmaceutical analysis due to its high separation efficiency, rapid analysis time, and low sample and solvent consumption. This review explores the recent advancements and emerging trends in CE for pharmaceutical analysis, highlighting its potential impact on drug discovery, quality control, and bioanalysis. The review provides an overview of the principles of CE, discusses the latest developments in CE instrumentation, sample preparation techniques, and detection strategies, and examines applications of CE in various areas of pharmaceutical analysis. The aim is to shed light on the evolving role of CE in the pharmaceutical industry and its future prospects.
Nanotechnology Based Approaches for Drug Analysis in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Comprehensive Review
The advancement of nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of drug analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. Nanotechnology-based approaches offer unprecedented opportunities for the characterization, quantification, and quality control of drugs, contributing to enhanced safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. In this comprehensive review, we present an in-depth analysis of various nanotechnology-based techniques employed for drug analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. We discuss their principles, advantages, limitations, and potential applications, along with recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, we provide insights into the regulatory considerations and challenges associated with the implementation of nanotechnology-based approaches in the pharmaceutical industry. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and regulatory bodies involved in drug analysis and formulation development.
Astashine Gummies: An Excellent Choice to boost Immune System in patients with allergies and asthma.
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurringcarotenoid which is derived from the microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis being the most powerful antioxidant known to science, it also has potentanti-inflammatory properties. Naturalastaxanthin´s distinct advantage in comparison to other antioxidants is its ability to span the entire lipidbilayer of the cell membrane, thus providing superior protection from the inside out. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system.
Collafibe sachets: promotes glowing skin healthy hairs & nails
Marine organisms harbor numerous bioactive substances .Scientific research on various applications of collagen extracted from these organisms has become increasingly prevalent. Marine collagen in collafibe sachets can be used as a biomaterial because it is water soluble, metabolically compatible, and highly accessible. it is evident that marine collagen in collafibe sachets is a versatile compound capable of healing skin injuries of varying severity, as well as delaying the natural human aging process. From in vitro to in vivo experiments, collagen has demonstrated its ability to invoke keratinocyte and fibroblast migration as well as vascularization of the skin. Additionally, marine collagen and derivatives have proven beneficial and useful for both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis prevention and treatment. Other bone-related diseases may also be targeted by collagen, as it is capable of increasing bone mineral density, mineral deposition, and importantly, osteoblast maturation and proliferation.