Impact of Screen Time on Eye Physiology and Health: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of digital devices in daily life has led to unprecedented levels of screen exposure, raising concerns about its impact on ocular physiology and overall eye health. Prolonged screen use has been associated with a spectrum of visual and physiological complications, including digital eye strain, dry eye disease, accommodative fatigue, myopia progression, retinal oxidative stress, and circadian rhythm disruption. These effects are mediated through multiple pathways, including reduced blink rate, tear film instability, sustained near-focus, and high-energy visible light exposure, affecting both anterior and posterior ocular structures as well as neuroendocrine function. Certain populations, such as children, adolescents, office workers, and the elderly, are particularly susceptible due to developmental, occupational, or age-related vulnerabilities. Preventive strategies including visual hygiene practices, ergonomic adjustments, blue-light mitigation, nutritional support, and lifestyle modifications play a critical role in mitigating these effects. Emerging technological innovations, such as smart glasses, adaptive displays, eye-tracking systems, AI-based monitoring, ocular exercise devices, and light therapy, offer additional avenues for personalized intervention and real-time ocular health management. This review integrates physiological, clinical, and technological evidence, highlighting the mechanisms, manifestations, at-risk populations, and preventive approaches, providing a comprehensive framework for maintaining visual health in the digital era. Future research should focus on longitudinal assessment, validation of emerging technologies, and development of personalized strategies to minimize ocular strain while supporting modern digital lifestyles.